Ethnic and sex bias in discretionary awards
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Bias of Damage Awards and Free Options in Securities Litigation
Damage measures in securities fraud cases are very imprecise because they are based on security price changes that reflect both the correction of previous misrepresentation and other independent information. Consequently, potential plaintiffs have a valuable “free option” to decide whether or not to file suit, and average damage awards are greater than actual damages, much greater when markets ...
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Background & Aims: Ethnicity is one of the most important social and cultural context of childbearing. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of ethnic differences on the gender preferences and value of children among Kurdish and Turkish women in the city of Maku. Materials & Methods: The method was survey and data collected using questionnaire with a sample size of 384 Kurdish and Tu...
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while performance-based language assessment has led to an increased authenticity and content validity in the practice of writing assessment, the reliability of ratings has become a major issue. research findings have shown different reactions by native english speaker (nes) and non-native english speaker (nns) teachers to students’ writings. the focus of this study is on investigating whether i...
An ethnic bias in scientific citations
Recent experimental findings of subtle forms of prejudice prompted this search for a similar phenomenon outside the laboratory. In Study 1. with a sample of more than 12 000 citations by North American social scientists. names of both citing and cited authors were classified as Jewish, nonJewish, or other Author’s name category was associated with 41 per cent greater odds of citing an author fr...
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Female mammals have long been neglected in biomedical research. The NIH mandated enrollment of women in human clinical trials in 1993, but no similar initiatives exist to foster research on female animals. We reviewed sex bias in research on mammals in 10 biological fields for 2009 and their historical precedents. Male bias was evident in 8 disciplines and most prominent in neuroscience, with s...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: BMJ
سال: 2003
ISSN: 0959-8138,1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.326.7391.671